Hip Hop And Rap Hop - 1890 Words

â€Å"Hip-hop/rap is a subcultural movement that formed during the early 1970s in the Bronx, New York† (â€Å"Hip hop†). Hip- hop has changed the way we speak, dress, think, and has even altered the way artist make music. Traveling all around The United States, Hip-hop has made many different names for itself. There is MC Rap, Gangsta Rap, Conscious Rap, and Old School Rap sprouting from the meaning of Hip-hop, all urban genres using different types of dialect. According to Oxford Dictionaries, dialect is â€Å"a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group† (â€Å"Dialect†), they decide on the type of message they want to convey to the listener through the rap. The two rappers I have chosen to show the growth in Hip-hop language history, are Kendrick Lamar and Snoop Dogg. Lamar is considered as an American influential rapper. Whereas, the west coast godfather, Snoop Dogg, falls under the genre of gangsta rap. Th ese West Coast rappers are from the same area, but when it comes to Hip-hop, they seem to speak a different language. The evolution of the world changes the topics discussed in Hip-hop, these two artists promote similar messages in their music, such as gang affiliation, unity, and politics. Snoop Dogg who is from Long Beach, California speaks a blend of gangsta and West Coast dialect in his music, which has an urban feel relating to the streets. West Coast Rap took over the hip-hop scene for the 90s, creating the new genre of gangsta rap.Show MoreRelatedHip Hop And Rap Hop901 Words   |  4 PagesThe genre that I am going to select is Hip Hop/Rap. The 5 top ten from the 80s are The Message by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, Self-Destruction by KRS-One and the Stop the Violence Movement, Push It by Salt-N-Pepa, I’m Bad by LL Cool J, Fight The Power by Public Enemy, Straight Out Of Compton by NWA. The 5 top ten from 2015 are Know Yourself by Drake, Trap Queen by Fetty Wap, Alright by Kendrick Lamar, Blessings by Big Sean Featuring Drake, and Feeling Myself by Nicki Minaj featuringRead MoreRap Hop And The Hip Hop Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pages The hip hop community has gone through a number of discussions on the worth and merit of mumble rap across well opinionated youtube videos, long winded podcasts, as well as the vicariously living through celebrities who mimic the style, technique and overall aesthetic of artists associated with the mumble rap genre. Let s say, for the most part, the hip hop community has a problem with mumble rap. For the most part, it makes sense. Humans are prone to resist change, especially as overt asRead MoreRap Hop And Hip Hop1208 Words   |  5 PagesRap/Hip-Hop is a huge part of today’s music industry, with a more loyal fan base than any other genre of music. Even though they have such a large following, there are still many that disapprove of how the Rap game is conducted, and have no respect for the people who claim to be rappers. Many people look at Hip-Hop artists and think that they are all hard, gang-banging, drug-slanging thugs from the hood. But in all reality most of the rappers in modern Hip-Hop had never stepped foot in the hoodRead MoreRap And Hip Hop951 Words   |  4 PagesHIP HOP/RAP When we think of hip hop do we think of the dance or do we think of the music? More often than not we think of the music industry when someone says hip hop. however hip hop music was created with the dance. Both were created in the 1970’s by the African American and Puerto Rican people in New York. The music originally incorporated the Rhythms of salsa, Afro conga, bongo drums, jazz and funk and became more popular outside of the African American community around the 1980’s. AlthoughRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music1699 Words   |  7 PagesHip-hop is a cultured style that started in the 1970’s. Majority of different funk groups began playing disco music at that time it was popular. During this time funk music was technology driven more electronic sounds were being used on the drum machines. Funk was the new dance in the early 70’s. This particular style of singing in which was being used is called rapping, this begun in African American, Urban Areas, Jamaican American, Latino American and many others cities of the United States. TheRead MoreHistory Of Hip Hop And Rap Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesOwen Shields English IV 22 September 2015 The History of Hip-Hop and Rap The controversy of Hip-Hop and Rap being that it is â€Å"only about violence† or â€Å"uninfluential† is one that has been around since the eighties. But is it really all about violence, sex, drugs, or protest? Yes, there are rap groups that only rap about violence, sex, drugs, or protest, but that is a genre called â€Å"trap† music. When mentioning of the original artists in the trap music genre, rappers such as Waka Flocka Flame, GucciRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music Essay1941 Words   |  8 Pagesthe increased presence of hip-hop culture within American culture, many educators no longer view hip-hop culture with the same air of skepticism common in the early stages of HHBE.† Hip Hop Based Education also referred to as HHBE is movement that helps bring hip hop into the classroom.(USE THAT SOURCE HERE) HHBE has many positive and influential outcomes for children living in inner cities. Hip hop music has categories and one of them is rap. By bringing hip hop and rap music into schools it servesRead MoreRap Music : Hip Hop Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesRap, or hip hop as some call it, ranks in the top ten of most popular music genres in the world. Since it burst on the scene in the late 1970s, rap music changed the landscape of the music industry, especially for African-American artists. The genre accredited some of the biggest names in the music industry. Popular artists like LL Cool J, Tupac, Notorious B. I. G., Jay-Z, Kanye West, and many others produce, or have produced, millions of hip-hop records. The secret to the success of hip hop centersRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music1646 Words   |  7 Pages In hip-hop and rap, one of the most important aspects of the songs is the words. It is all about the meaning and the kind of message or story the artist is trying to convey to the listener. One artist who has emerged in the last 27 years who exemplifies this part of hip-hop, is George Watsky, or as he is more commonly known as, Watsky. Watsky, a progressive hip-hop artist, draws upon the roots and stylings of early and 90s hip-hop, while also adding contemporary social commentary into his poeticRead MoreHip Hop And Hip Rap Music1144 Words   |  5 PagesHip hop music has delivered messages of freedom of expression, unity, peace, and protest against social injustices, for the past 30 years. But exactly when and where did it begin, and what impact has it had on our society? The hip hop beats created by DJs in the 70s actually sparked what is now known as hip hop culture. Hip hop culture originally included rapping, break dancing, graffiti, beat boxing, and looping and scratching, a nd has now includes urban clothing and cars, speech patterns and slang

Controversy About Vaccinations Against Infectious...

Vaccination Against Infectious Diseases Vaccines are one of the most controversial topics in modern medicine and will continue to attract more attention in the years ahead. Most new parents dutifully take their babies to their doctor to be vaccinated, at the prescribed times. However, over the last few decades, there have been several scares concerning vaccinations, and the possible side effects of them. Some parents have refused to have their child vaccinated because of some of these scares, and the truth is, they have been blown out of proportion by the press and it can be very confusing for the general public. In order to balance this extraordinary influence, parents will need to make a well†¦show more content†¦Pertussis is also very uncommon, and for children over the age of 12 months, is never life threatening. Tetanus is also common for the over 50s and very rarely affects young children. So for diseases such as these, some people feel is better to avoid vaccination, so not to risk the side effects. But parents to refuse to have their children vaccinated do not seem to realise they may be exposing them to a lifetime of disability, they may not realise there is a very real chance that the natural disease can disable or even kill children. This is because some of todays generation havent seen the devastating effects of some infectious diseases, and they dont realise that those diseases have an increasing chance of coming back if more and more children are left unvaccinated. The recent whooping cough deaths in Sydney and Melbourne have shown that. It seems the scares concerning vaccinations have mostly originated from the MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) scare involving bowel disease and autism. But the current low uptake of the MMR vaccine in the UK has led to well publicised concerns about potential measles outbreaks, especially among primary school entrants. No parents can have missed the worrying headlines about the MMR over the past few years; however the press can be very misle ading. Further research has shown that there is no link between the MMR and autismShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Vaccinations715 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Vaccinations Vaccinations has become controversial in recent years. A growing number of parents feel that vaccines can cause harm. They believe that they have the right to decide whether or not to have their children vaccinated (â€Å"Introduction to Vaccines: Current Controversies† 6). This is true, however, public health and individual rights should be equally taken into consideration. While there is growing number of people who claims that mandatory vaccinations is against civil libertiesRead MoreCenter For Disease Control And Prevention Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015, December 28). â€Å"Journey of your childs vaccine.† Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/infographics/journey-of- child-vaccine.html. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s â€Å"Journey of your child’s vaccine† illustrates the complete process a vaccine must go through before it is licensed and released to the public. After a vaccine is created and manufactured for a specific disease under the guidelines of the Food and Drug AdministrationRead MoreVaccines1112 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica (citation). Measles is an infectious viral disease causing fever and a red rash on the skin, typically occurring in childhood. This infectious disease can be prevented by getting a vaccine. A vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases. In the past 50 years, vaccinations have saved more lives worldwide than any other medical product or procedure. The intriguing story of vaccination goes all the way back to anci entRead MoreMandatory Vaccination, and the High Risk of Vaccine-preventable Disease (VPD) to the Vaccine Refusal.1361 Words   |  6 PagesVaccinations demonstrate the benefits of preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Vaccinations were approved as a number one on the list of the Ten Great Public Health Achievements for the United States from 1900 to 1999. If a critical number of people within a community are vaccinated against a particular illness, the entire group becomes less likely to get the disease. This protection is called community, or herdRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On The Disease1124 Words   |  5 PagesBefore vaccines were invented, whenever an individual contracted a disease, it would easily spread to the people who were in contact with the individual. Many became carriers of the disease, resulting in an outbreak. No one was immune from the disease, thus making the vast majorit y a suitable host for the pathogen. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner created the first vaccination for smallpox by applying matters of fresh cowpox lesions on an infected eight years old’s hand (Riedel 2005). TheRead MoreCompulsory Vaccinations And The Public Health Intervention Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesAs large as the controversy is when it comes to compulsory vaccinations, the public health intervention will always have negative or harmful effects in combination with the benefits of compulsory vaccinations. For those that stand behind the argument that immunizations are unnecessary in our children, have argued that the vaccine industry has misrepresented the safety of vaccines. They also have argued that they have covered up information regarding certain vaccinations to gain from the financialRead MoreThe Vaccine Controversy Essay examples1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vaccine Controversy Janira Sanchez Intro to Biology Professor Martin July 22, 2010 The Vaccine Controversy The vaccine controversy is the dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and /or safety of vaccinations. The medical and scientific evidence is that the benefits of preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases outweigh rare adverse effects of immunization. Since vaccination began in the late 18th century, opponents have claimed that vaccines do notRead MoreVaccination Is The Act Of Receiving An Injection Of Either Prepared Killed Microorganisms920 Words   |  4 Pages Vaccination, also known as immunization, is the act of receiving an injection of either prepared killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce or increase immunity levels to a particular disease (CDC). Vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), human papillomavirus (HPV), and influenza are three of the most controversial subjects in medicine. Over the last few years, there have been strong opinions concerning theseRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory For All Children1311 Words   |  6 PagesRecently, many diseases that had been eradicated because of childhood vaccinations have been making an appearance. Health officials are concerned that diseases will spread and lives will be lost. Officials all agree that vaccinations will benefit the population. Some parents feel it is an infringement on the right to keep the children healthy and safe. Vaccinations should be mandatory for all children because it will prevent diseases from spreading, protect future generations, and save children andRead MoreChildhood Vaccinations And Its Effects On Children1218 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Vaccinations People in the United States are urged from day one that vaccinations are important for the well being of their children and for everyone that your child may come in contact with. Recently, childhood vaccinations have been stigmatized as a negative process. Parents have become increasingly concerned about the effects and side effects of vaccinations. The problem being, that the infectious diseases that are being prevented for, are being forgotten about. Vaccinations have been

Mexico’s Experience after NAFTA Free Essays

The question whether Mexico has benefited from NAFTA is still under discussion and constant debates. Some claim that since NAFTA there is a significant increase in poverty rates, whereas others provide the opposite information. Apparently, in broader terms, the country has benefited from free trade agreement and NAFTA is surely good for Mexican population, although it leads to inevitable changes in agricultural sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Mexico’s Experience after NAFTA or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, changes don’t mean turning situation for worse. In particular, two-way trade between the United States and Mexico swiftly grew up and amounts up to $231 billion in 2002 compared with $81 billion in 1993. It means that Mexican modest trade deficit is turned into trade surplus of about $37 billion. (Williams 2004) Further, country’s export grew as well up to 80% during 1985-1993 after accession to GATT. Since NAFTA the growth rate has even doubled. Mexico’s export of end-products amounts about 90% of total exports. It leads to creation of more jobs and higher paying. The next moment to mention is that the annual growth of gross domestic product (GDP) is 5.4% in 2000 compared with 3.9% during 1990-1994. Many economic analysts say that both export and international trade are keys to accelerating country’s economic and financial recovery after crisis in 1995. During 2001-2002 GDP growth slowed down because of economic woes in the USA, but since 2002 it has been increasing. (Gruben 2001) Agricultural export has also certain benefits since accession to NAFTA. Previously, the country’s annual deficit was about 1.5 billion with the USA, but since NAFTA agricultural export has doubled as well – in 2002 growth of agricultural exports was about 9%. The next benefit is lower costs inputs for country’s food processing due to increased competition and free trade. Moreover, decreased inflation rates for food products provided excellent opportunities for stabilizing inflation since 1990s. It may seem that increased competition would destroy some business, but the positive moment is that the dollar value of country’s agricultural production has increased – for pork up to 24%, for beef up to 13%, for chicken up to 60%, for fruits up to 27%, for sorghum up to 85%, and for vegetables up to 36%. (Williams 2004) Despite increased competition, many of Mexico’s sectors remain competitive with the US sectors: fresh fruits, vegetables, live cattle, tomatoes and avocado. Moreover, export of horticultural has also increased by 120%. Mexican debate in agricultural sector is how to offer more protection from imports. However, some claim that party simple seeks ways how to capitalize relations with the rural poor. For example, David Williams writes that â€Å"NAFTA provisions coupled with the U.S. Farm Bill, often have been portrayed as portending certain doom for Mexico’s agricultural sector; however, U.S. producers absorb costs that Mexican producers do not, such as high labor costs, costs of compliance with strict environmental and worker safety regulations and taxes†. (Williams 2004) Actually, Mexico faces domestic structural problems which can’t be addressed by NAFTA. Creation of new jobs, lower consumer prices and deceased inflation rates allowed farmer not to feel dependent from agricultural sector mainly. Transition from agricultural sector is inevitable even without NAFTA. Summing up, Mexico has benefited from NAFTA, and nowadays about 20% of country’s GDP is â€Å"attributable to trade made possible by NAFTA provisions†. (Williams 2004) Country’s rural regions also benefited from NAFTA as free trade ensured creation of thousands of new jobs along with higher payments. Mexican government announced that poverty rates had decreased in urban and rural areas since 1995. So, Mexico revealed that free trade was necessary for accelerating economic and financial development and transitions to competitive manufacturing sectors. Future Mexico’s policies are to focus on generating more jobs, developing more trade opportunities and improving productivity of those businesses which have the competitive potential. (Sandronsky 2006) References Gruben, William. (2001). Was NAFTA behind Mexico’s High Maquiladora Growth? Retrieved January 11, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0DKI/is_2001_3/ai_82092014 Sandronsky, Seth. (2006). Mexico after NAFTA. Retrieved January 11, 2008 Williams, David. (2004). Mexico’s NAFTA Experience – North American Free Trade Agreement. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3723/is_1_16/ai_114328142/pg_2                   How to cite Mexico’s Experience after NAFTA, Essay examples

Compare the Language Macbeth Uses in Two of His Soliloquies with the Way He Speaks On Two Occasions To Other People Essay Example For Students

Compare the Language Macbeth Uses in Two of His Soliloquies with the Way He Speaks On Two Occasions To Other People Essay During this thrilling scene Antonios life is under threat. Shylock has made a bond with Antonio à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" he has lent him 3,000 ducats and will take a pound if flesh if he fails to pay him back. Antonio did this for friends love, Bassanio wanted to woo the rich Portia of Belmont. Antonio initially thought the bond was in jest however, Shylock vowed revenge and stock to his bond. To identify with a character means to empathise with their situation. On the other hand, if an audience is alienated by a character, this means that their behaviour is controversial or abnormal. This next paragraph is all about anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism means being racially prejudiced towards Jews, the majority of anti-Semitists are Christians. Christians are like this because they believe that Jews are responsibility for the death of Christ, the story goes that some Jews and Romans were discussing what to do with Jesus and a Jew said to hang him. And from then on Christians have been treating Jews like there second. Antonio has an extra reason to hate Jews, that is that Jews lend money with interest and Antonio does not think that this is right and they dont treat there customers honestly. Jew were treated as lower class citizens in Venice because they are forces to where bright red hats when they go out in pubic, also Christians could spit, kick do anything they wanted to the Jews but they cant do anything back, also Jews cant join the army or work in any part of the court; O, be thou damnd, inexorable dog! here Gratiano is calling Shylock a dog. A modern audience would find racism like this unbelievable and totally unacceptable, this is because there has been many protests regarding racial discrimination, their have been many famous protests but probably the most famous is the speech of Martin Luther King, this famous speech was delivered in 1963 to more than 200,000 civil-rights marchers at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. the speech was called I have a dream, this is how it goes; I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by their content of their character. Nowadays if you were anywhere near as raciest as people are in the Merchant of Venice you could be put in prison or just get beat up and stabbed. In the Merchant of Venice Jews are spoke to as if they are lower than Christians, and they are oven called names, for example when Gratiano says to Shylock; O, be thou damnd, inexorable dog! Gratiano is calling Shylock a dog , this shows that Gratiano thinks that all Jews are below him and he truly hates all Jews. Portia also speaks poorly to Jews. E. g. when she is dressed up as a male lawyer she says; Art thou contented, Jew? The fact that she does not call him his real name Shylock but she calls him Jew, she is kind of putting him into a different group to her, a lower group than her. The Duke also is very rude to all Jews, like when he says; we all expect a gentle answer Jew. He is also calling shylock a Jew instead of his real name. Most Christians call Jews not by their real name but they call them Jew. Most of the Christians in Venice would like it if all of the Jews converted into Christians. They want to convert them because they think that if they dont they will be dammed for live in hell when they die. A modern day audience would not tolerate someone trying to change there religion, even though religion is not such a big thing now. People still belong to religion but they are not so rigid on all the rules. When this play was set nearly everyone was religions and tried their bet to obey all the rules. At the time that this play is set the low-courts were very different to nowadays. In act four, shylock is arguing with the Duke to recognise his bond, but in the Dukes mind he knows that he must give justice to Shylocks bond. He knows this because if he doesnt allow this bond to be fulfilled than he will be breaking his bond, and if he breaks one bond than everyone will want him to break their bond. Shylock knows this and he says; if you deny, let the danger light/ upon your charter and the citys freedom. This shows that he know that if he denies his bond than the hole community will fall to pieces. Scene four is very dramatic, there are lots of things that make it more dramatic. The main thing is that all the judges are wearing really nice cloths, and the fact that Shylock is in front of them and is surrounded by Christians all shouting at him. Compare and contrast the ways in which the directors of 'Mary Shelly's Frankenstein' 1994 and 'Frankenstein' 1931 EssayI dont think that a modern day audience would take Portias disguise seriously. I think this because it is very easy to that the lawyer is Portia, and no one notices who she is not even her husband. I think this is done on purpose to make the scene slightly funny. Portia tries to make shylock to relent by making a speech on page 70 act 4 scene 1; it starts on about line 181 and ends on about line 203. The main meaning of the speech is to say how can Shylock expect mercy to Jews if he doesnt show mercy to Christians. At the start of the speech Portia says The quality of mercy is not straind. This means that revenge just leads to more revenge. This speech has a big effect on the court, it makes them think that she is sorry for what ever might have happened to Shylock and that he should just put it behind him. Portia is very aggravated with Bassanios expressed love for Antonio, for example when she says: Your wife would give little thanks for that, while she is dressed as a male lawyer. She would like to make a more dramatic response but she holds back, because she knows that if she says something more she will reveal her true identity. When Portia tests her husband, I think she had a good reason to do so. The main reason is the fact that her husband lied about being rich. He pretended to be rich so that he could enter the competition to try and win so that Portia will have to marry him. At the end of the play Bassanio is even more indebted to his wife because he gave his wedding ring away. I would suggest that a modern audience would be sympathetic with Jessica when she runs away with Lorenzo because she has been told exactly what to do by her farther: Do as I bid you; shut that doors after you. Also the fact that she loved her father but she hated the fact that he is so vengeful and the fact that he thinks that it is a war going on between Christians and Jews, and she is very peaceful. However some people might not be so sympathetic with her because she stole a large amount of Shylocks fortune including her mothers ring; parents who are overprotective of their own children would relate to Shylock. Portia is less traditional than Jessica for a number of reasons. I first is the fact that she is much more independent then a average woman in Shakespeare day. For example she is in control of her own fortune. Also when she asks Bassanio for the ring she says: Ill die fort, but some woman had the ring. She is accusing him of having an affair, even though she tricked him to give her the ring. I suggest that Jessica gets more of the audiences sympathy because of this. Friendship is very important in the play. There are a lot of reasons why Antonio lends Bassanio money. The first impression that an audience gets is that they are just very good friends. But by act 4 scene 1 Antonio is putting his life on the line and Antonio might think of him as more that just a friend. I think that Antonio is slightly in love with Bassanio. He says: Let his deservings and my love withal / Be valud gainst my wifes commandement. He is persuading Antonio to part with his ring. This shows that Antonio wants to valued as highly as Portia by Bassanio. I think that Antonios behaviour is threatening their marriage whether he means to or not. Portia is right to expect additional loyalty from Bassanio than Antonio. I assume this because Portia and Bassanio are wedded and that is a much stronger connection than friends, despite the fact that Bassanio and Antonio have been good friends for a very long time. I dont think that this play is anti-Semitic; I think this because at the end of the trial scene Bassanio lets Shylock keep half of his money even though Shylock was just about to kill him. The play does have anti-Semitic moments and people in it, the main issue in the play is anti-Semitic people. I think that the play does teach tolerance, almost all people can relate to a situation like these e. g. black and white, rich and poor, old and young or different religions.

The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting Essay Example

The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting Paper Introduction Accounting is a measuring and communicating of fiscal information about economic activities to interested individuals.[ 1 ]The primary function of accounting is to supply an effectual measuring and coverage system which is besides accounting information system for determination devising. The corporate signifier of a big concern has created separation of concern ownership and control. Outsiders of an organisation, normally, do nt possess first-hand cognition of the daily running and status of the concern, which makes them dependant, to some extent, on accounting studies for information. Management is considered to be a company insider, who has entree to the of import information about a company that can impact its stock monetary values or might act upon investor s determinations. This creates conflict of involvement as company insiders are in a place to work a professional or official capacity in some manner for their personal or corporate benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) position that investors need information on hazard and return ; employees are interested in their stableness and profitableness ; loaners are concerned with loans and involvement to be paid when due ; providers and other bargainers want to cognize whether owed sum will be paid or non ; and clients are interested in continuation of the endeavor. [ 2 ]Information is needed by assorted users to be able to make up ones mind when to purchase, keep or sell equity of investing ; or to entree the stewardship or answerability of direction. Creditors and providers use information to measure security for the sum Lent to the endeavor. However, non all users of information have involvement or assurance in the information provided by the direction. Due to separation of ownership and control ; and directions ability of working foreigners for their ain benefits, many investors have no involvement or assurance in analysing a company s fiscal statements. Alternatively, they rely on market analysis by other specializers about the psychological science of the market and its consequence on portion monetary values. This study is focused on the historical cost accounting adopted by most of the states and why, even though has many jobs associated with it, have authoritiess accepted this system even with handiness of alternate accounting systems. This study inside informations the benefits and unfavorable judgment of historical cost accounting along with options to historical cost accounting and their unfavorable judgments. 2. Historical Cost Accounting The historical cost accounting values an plus for balance sheet intents at the monetary value paid for the plus at the clip of its acquisition.A The historical cost accounting is the state of affairs in which comptrollers record gross, outgo and plus acquisition and disposal at historical cost: that is, the existent sums of money, or money s worth, received or paid to finish the transaction.A Historical cost is based on existent dealing instead than prognosiss. There are back uping records for all the figures provided in the fiscal statements. It is besides relevant in doing economic determinations, as past informations minutess are needed for doing future determinations. Another defence of historical cost is that historical cost has been used throughout history as fiscal statements which use historical cost are found to be utile. Net income is the extra of selling monetary value over historical cost. Net income is a really good recognized construct of step of public presentation. It is the difference between gross and cost that determines on determination to go on a merchandise line or division. Historical Cost Accounting is really much based on this construct of net income and loss. Others, in defence of Historical Cost Accounting argue that historical cost is less capable to use of informations than other signifiers of accounting such as Current Cost. The usage of current cost or issue monetary value opens the door to use of these Numberss. In other words, how are current costs to be determined and how can comptrollers find which value is true and just? More importantly comptrollers must guard the unity of their informations against internal alteration. Criticisms of Historical Cost Accounting Overtime, unfavorable judgment of historical cost accounting have been raised by figure of noteworthy bookmans, peculiarly in relation to its inability to supply utile information in times of lifting monetary values.[ 3 ]Historical Cost Accounting record all assets at an original cost and go on to utilize these historic figures throughout the plus s life, while time-value of money is wholly ignored. Across clip these unfavorable judgments appear to hold been accepted to a certain grade by accounting regulators. In recent old ages assorted accounting criterions have been released that require the application of just values when mensurating assets. For illustration AASB 116 gives fiscal statement preparers a pick between the cost theoretical account and the just value theoretical account in measuring of belongings, works, and equipment. Fiscal Instruments ( AASB 139 ) , investing belongingss ( AASB 114 ) , and biological assets ( AASB141 ) are required to be valued at just value as opposed to historical cost. Chambers in 1966 argued that the historical cost accounting information suffers from jobs of irrelevancy in times of lifting monetary values. It is besides questioned whether it is utile to be informed about something that cost a peculiar sum many old ages ago whereas its current value might be well different. It has been argued that there is a existent job of additivity.[ 4 ]The affair at issue is whether it is logical to added together assets acquired at different periods when those assets were acquired with sums of different buying power. 3 Options to Historical Cost Accounting 3.1 Current Cost Accounting Current Cost Accounting ( CCA ) attempts to supply more realistic book values by valuing assets at current market purchasing monetary values. It takes into history time-value of money and rising prices. It is more complex than the traditional accounting, and it has created contention about what accommodations are appropriate. Unlike Historical Cost Accounting, there is no demand for stock list cost flow premises such as last-in-first-out and leaden norm. The concern net income in CCA shows how the entity has gained in fiscal footings the addition in cost of its resources, which is ignored by historical cost accounting. Distinguishing runing net income from keeping additions and losingss has claimed to heighten the utility of information being provided by CCA. Keeping additions are different from merchandising income as they are due to market-wide motions which are beyond the control of the direction.[ 5 ]Therefore, CCA does nt honor directors for net incomes from keeping additions and losingss which is nt an existent net income and besides gives utile information to investors. Supporters of CCA are convinced that it provides more utile information than conventional accounting but still they do non hold on all issues. There is one group who believe in the fiscal capital construct in which the retention additions is included in the net income and the other group is those who believe in the physical capital construct. Under physical capital construct, keeping additions and losingss are non included in the net income and are supported by the theory of optimum resource use that uses current costs as a step of input chance cost. Criticism of Current Cost Accounting Measurement mistakes may hold reduced the utility of current-cost and replacement-cost informations. Replacement-cost ratings of works and equipment frequently include the cost of technological progresss and frequently these progresss would cut down operating costs below the degree reported by historical cost. As a consequence, when replacement-cost depreciation is substituted for historical-cost depreciation, the cost of making concern includes the high capital cost of the advanced engineering every bit good as the high operating costs of the older engineering in usage, which creates measurement mistakes.[ 6 ] The protagonists of Historical Cost Accounting knock CCA because it violates the traditional gross acknowledgment rule by acknowledging additions in the value of the assets, both current and non-current, before they are sold. This is irrelevant as alterations in market monetary value do nt intend anything until the assets are sold. A non-current plus is nt more valuable to a concern merely because its current cost has increased. Another job is the subjectiveness of finding the sum of the addition in cost. There are some non-current assets that do nt hold a second-hand market because it was specifically built or made for that concern merely. So the footing of finding the current cost must be the new plus expected to replace the old one. CCA besides involves a mathematical job of additivity. This is because the figures generated from CCA are nt of the same nature because it involves a assortment of measurement theoretical accounts. 3.2 Exit Price Accounting Exit Price Accounting ( EPA ) besides known as Continuously Contemporary Accounting ( CoCoA ) has been proposed by research workers such as McNeal, Sterling, and particularly Raymond Chambers. It s an accounting theory that prescribes that assets should be valued at issue monetary values and that fiscal statements should work to inform about an organisation s capacity to accommodate.[ 7 ]Chambers described the entity s capacity to accommodate as the hard currency that could be obtained if the entity sold its assets. Chambers believed that economic endurance of the entity depends on the sum of hard currency it can command and the balance sheet is important to these determinations. Chambers used the term current hard currency equivalents to mention to the sum that was expected to be generated through the orderly sale of assets. He believe that the information about current hard currency equivalent were cardinal to effectual determination devising. Chambers stated that the accounting regulations used were so different in consequence that comparing between companies was frequently rather misdirecting. [ 8 ]One of the chief statements for EPA is that it provides utile information to the users. They believe that EPA reports all net incomes and losingss and values as determined in competitory markets and provides a true and just fiscal statement that serves the intent of the stockholders. Other statements that support EPA is the additivity map. EPA values all elements in the balance sheet and income statement at their issue monetary values, which, hence, provides one consistent regulation that could be applied by all or any company. It involves mentions to real-world illustrations because untestable averments are nt made such as depreciation. Criticism of Exit Price Accounting Harmonizing to Chambers theoretical account of CoCoA, if assets ca nt be sold individually, they are deemed to hold perfectly no value for the intent of finding organisation s fiscal place. This is considered to be excessively utmost by many accounting practicians and research workers. Assetss such as good will and work-in-progress have no merchandising value therefore will be hold no value at all in the fiscal statements. Other unfavorable judgments of CoCoA are that it does nt see the value in usage. An plus that is held instead than sold out must be worth more to its proprietor than its issue monetary value, otherwise, it would be sold. In instance of specialised resources such as a blast furnace has positive value in usage, but can non be sold individually, for the intent of CoCoA has no value.[ 9 ]Even though advocates of EPA argue for the additivity of issue monetary values, the construct of current hard currency equivalent does nt acknowledge the possibility of selling assets as one bundle. Some assets sold as a bundle are worth more than when sold separately in the market. This construct has been ignored in the issue monetary value accounting. CoCoA has besides been criticized on the footing that issue monetary values are determined by the monetary value that could be achieved in an orderly sale.[ 10 ]The gross revenues might be at different times and wo nt needfully reflect values at balance day of the month. Therefore, the fiscal statements based on these values might non be utile for supervising the company s direction. 3.3 Positive Accounting Theory and Efficient Markets Hypothesis Milton Friedman was the 1 who strongly supported and backed the positive theories in economic sciences. He stated that the ultimate end of a positive scientific discipline is the development of a theory or hypothesis that yields valid and meaningful anticipations about phenomena non yet observed. Watts and Zimmerman besides stated that the aim of positive accounting theory is to explicate and foretell accounting pattern which was consistent with the positions of Friedman. The beginning of positive accounting theory is the Efficient Markets Hypothesis ( EMH ) . The EMH is based on the premise that capital markets react in an efficient and indifferent mode to publically available information. The chief strengths of Positive Accounting Theories over Normative Accounting Theories are the facts that hypothesis are framed in such a manner that they are capable of disproof by empirical research. Besides, these theories aim to supply an apprehension of how the universe works instead than saying how the universe should work. Furthermore, PAT tries to understand the relationship and connexion between assorted accounting information, directors, houses, and markets ; and besides analyze these relationships within an economic model. There are several premises made in development of positive accounting theory. The first is that the house is a link of contracts. In relation to PAT, because there is a demand to be efficient, the house will desire to minimise costs associated with contracts. Contract costs involve accounting variables as contracts can be stipulated in footings of accounting information such as net income, and fiscal ratios.[ 11 ]The house will take the accounting policies that best acknowledge the demand for minimisation of contract costs. PAT recognizes that altering fortunes require directors to hold flexibleness in taking accounting policies which brings frontward the job of opportunistic behaviour . This occurs when the actions of direction are to better their ain personal involvements. The other premise is that the directors are rational economic determination shapers and will move to maximise their ain net income and non the net income of the company. Under PAT, houses want to maximise their chances for endurance, so they organize themselves expeditiously. Criticisms of Positive Accounting Theories One of the chief unfavorable judgments of PAT is that it does nt supply prescription for accounting and therefore does nt supply any agencies of bettering accounting pattern.[ 12 ]This, hence consequences in disaffection of practising comptrollers. It is argued that merely explicate and foretelling accounting pattern is non plenty. There is no counsel on what people should make, as there is a general absence of prescription. The other unfavorable judgments of PAT relate to the cardinal that all action is driven by a desire to maximise wealth. Many research workers find this statement really negative in nature. They believe that PAT promotes a morally belly-up position of the universe. The construct of positive theory is drawn from an disused doctrine of scientific discipline and is in any instance a misnomer, because the theories of empirical scientific discipline make no positive statement of what is .[ 13 ]And besides of class, Watts and Zimmerman do state, We do non postulate that all issues are settled, but instead encourage others to prosecute, rectify, and widen our analysis. 4. Decision Quite clearly the several restrictions and defects of the traditional historical costs method have been highlighted and picked upon from clip to clip. Still historical costs are the standard signifier of accounting due to its alone characteristics and conventions that make it better than most available alternatives.A Historical cost accounting has and is still been widely recognized and accepted by corporations across the universe. There has nt been any development of better options to Historical Cost Accounting. The alternate accounting such as current cost accounting and issue monetary value accounting carry more jobs in them than historical cost accounting. For examples states like Unites States and United Kingdom have tried to follow current cost accounting system but subsequently withdrew as there were many complexnesss in utilizing current cost accounting. Even if accounting organic structures merely pick an bing method to organize the criterion of accounting, it will decidedly non be better than historical cost accounting. However, in my sentiment, the current usage of historical cost accounting by many houses have been a lending factor in dissembling the true and just value of their assets. As investors are the primary users of fiscal statements, precedence must be given to the demands and wants of the stockholders. Empirical groundss show that investors want both measurings i.e. historical cost and current cost accounting.[ 14 ]I believe a procedure should be created where historical cost and current cost operate side-by-side, which will heighten relevancy, dependability, and comparison. Rather than debating between different attacks, focal point should be given to implement an accounting system which reports all assets and liabilities at their true value without extinguishing the benefits of historical cost accounting.

The Negatives of Cloning essays

The Negatives of Cloning essays Human life is a creation, not a commodity, and should not be used as research material for reckless experiments, quoted George Bush. Clearly, the topic of cloning presents much controversy in the United States. Many believe immediate action should be taken to create nationwide cloning bans and ensure safety from the potential threats this procedure presents. The negatives of cloning include low success rates, numerous ethical issues, and regulation problems. The process of cloning carries many dangers throughout society including identity theft, control issues, and attempts to create a superior race. Most would agree that Hitlers vision of Germany, the perfect race, was unethical and immoral. Yet, if cloning was permitted it would be unlocking the door to this very same concept. Also, how can one possibly control who has the right to clone a human being. Would cloning be restricted to the patients family, or would the government be able to intervene? Another issue includes the possibility of identity theft. One could create a clone with the sole intent of using it as an assassin. The clone would have the exact DNA of its original parent; therefore, the parent could be falsely committed of the crime. Still, difficulties in cloning the organism itself might create several problems. Previous experiments and research in cloning have clearly shown low success rates. Dolly, the first successful cloned mammal, is considered the most infamous cloning achievement. The female sheep was born July 5, 1996 in Edinburgh, Scotland. While Dolly appears as a scientific marvel and displays cloning success, one usually does not see that she was the only survivor of 227 original eggs. As stated by BBC news, For every living clone, there are usually hundreds of failures. A staggering 97% of cloning attempts don't work. Furthermore, if one were to examine the animals which were cloned, they would notice the major ...

Content Comprehension and Analysis Task Assignment - 2

Content Comprehension and Analysis Task - Assignment Example The authors argue that with a diverse environment employees are able to learn and benefit from the uniqueness of others ideas. A myriad of businesses across the globe have appreciated and recognized the need to heavily invest in inclusion and diversity as part of talent management within the organization. It is an important concept as organizations can interact with people from different cultures, resulting to an upsurge in the level of creativity, global understanding, and productivity, and greater agility, development of new attitudes, new solutions and innovation that will lead to the growth of the company. Organizations that have not incorporated diversity as part of its talent management strategy have failed to attract the best skills across the globe. Some of the benefits of diversity include; (Yukl, 2002) Increased productivity – The inclusion of pe ople from diverse backgrounds working towards a common goal improves their level of loyalty. They employ peculiar skills to improve the performance of the company. Diverse experience-; People from different backgrounds bring unique understanding of concepts and experiences to the table. By bring the teams together; employees are able to deal with changing conditions. Every employee has a weakness and strengths derived from their cultural backgrounds, when managed properly their strengths can be leveraged and strengths can be complemented to enhance their performance. Increased creativity and problem solving- With a number of different unique and diverse minds, coming together, it is likely that solutions will be adopted since individuals bring unique way of thinking, operating and handling issues. (Yukl, 2002) Attract and retain talent- The attraction of the best employees to the organization will give it a competitive edge over others. The feeling f inclusion and appreciation enhances the feeling of belonging and loyalty to the organization. The

Research Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Evaluation - Essay Example ogs can, in fact, be used as remarkably adept tools of knowledge sharing in the context of a knowledge management work environment (Chai and Kim, 2010). The article has pointed out that trust among the individuals making up a knowledge sharing network has been among the most significant issues that can make or break a knowledge management system and in this context, this study specifically deals with the relationship between trust and knowledge sharing habits of people using blogs as a tool for sharing information in the setting of a knowledge management system. The researchers have used deductive reasoning principles in this study and for that purpose, have taken a quantitative research approach for this study. Quantitative research has been described as focusing upon the phenomena that occur in natural settings and has been designed specifically to study those phenomena in all their complexity (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001). According to Peshkin cited in Leedy and Ormrod (2001), these studies have been typically cited to serve one of the following purposes: 2. To allow the researchers to gain knowledge about the nature of a particular phenomenon, to help in the development of new concepts or theoretical perspectives about the phenomenon, and discover the constraints that face that phenomenon. The research in question has specifically been carried out as a qualitative research to understand more about the implications of trust in the knowledge management arena and has been designed to understand more about the impact of trust on the knowledge sharing behavior of bloggers which encourages increased knowledge sharing practices. The research uses the survey method to gather information about the various trust concerns that bloggers have and their impact on the blogger’s knowledge sharing behavior. Surveys have been defined as a reliable and relatively simpler way of gathering information on a large scale with minimum effort (Powell, 1998). However, Powell is also of

Analysis of Post-Feminism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Post-Feminism - Term Paper Example While society of course has now become much more complex, at least until recently, this role differentiation has not significantly changed. That is, men leave home to be breadwinners, with their wives saddled with the domestic responsibility. While the feminist revolution has freed some women from being captive to their homes, it has also placed additional burdens on them if they work outside, unless husbands contribute to the domestic chores. Therefore there must not only be less role differentiation by gender in the workplace to give women greater career opportunities but also in domestic life, Douglas and Michaels’ Critiques of Dowd’s Perspective If Douglas and Michaels were critiquing Dowd’s perspective, I expect that they would complain that she focuses only on courtship issues involving single men and women. I think they would argue that this is much less stressful than having to live up to media hyped demands of perfect motherhood, possibly while at the sa me time pursuing an outside career. While career women may have difficulty finding compatible mates because men, used to being in control, are not comfortable with aggressive career women whose achievements rival or exceed their own, they at least have options. They can â€Å"dumb down† by hiding their success, pay attention to their appearance in an effort to compete with younger women, or give up entirely on looking for a marriage partner.(Dowd 2005) By contrast, women responsible for their children, especially if the father is absent or not contributing to domestic duties, may feel trapped particularly if they do not have marketable occupational skills. Dowd’s approach is post feminist because it is based on the assumption that women have attained some degree of equality of opportunity in the workplace with men and also the social right to initiate and pursue relationships. Given the sense of entrapment many women feel in having to pursue unrealistic standards of mo therhood, I suspect Douglas and Michael would dispute that we live in a post feminist age.(Douglas and Michael p. 5) Douglas and Michael’s versus Dowd’s Understanding of Feminism Dowd describes feminism in terms of women’s legal and social rights that is to have equal access with men to educational and career opportunities, to initiate and pursue relationships, and to dress and make lifestyle choices as they please (Dowd 2005). However, she decries early feminists who felt they had to mimic men’s attire and habits rather than wear sexy clothing and pursue girlish interests(Dowd 2005) Essentially she feels that feminism means women’s right to pursue their own lifestyle and career choices on an equal footing with men and without legal and social impediments. Douglas and Michael argue that we still live in a paternalistic society, and while women may have attained some legal rights, there are still social impediments and pressures hindering their effo rts to gain actual equality, and therefore they have yet to achieve the feminist goals of meaningful equality. For example, mothers are bombarded with media messages from celebrity moms instructing them how to be a better mom (Douglas and Michae

The Importance Of Communication English Language Essay

The Importance Of Communication English Language Essay Within this essay I will explore the methods and importance of communication when working as a childhood practitioner. Communication is commonly defined as the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs This is a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create a shared understanding. This process involves a huge repertoire of intrapersonal and interpersonal skills including listening, speaking, questioning, observing, analysing, and evaluating.   The importance of communication within a team is perfectly demonstrated in this analogy by Wideman (2000): Communication is like engine oil: it needs to be applied to the machinery or the machinery will not start or, if it does, it will quickly falter and grind to a halt. And the oil, like communication, needs to be continuously recycled and regularly replaced with new oil as the old becomes no longer usable. But what of the quality of the oil? Too little or too thi n and it is not effective; too thick or too much and everything just gets gummed up. (Wideman, 2000). Effective communication is crucial for a team to be successful. The team needs to communicate regularly with one another because through communication cooperation and collaboration occur. Collaboration with one another is necessary in the workplace because it helps to solve problems, help maintain standards of practice and create a good rapport with all involved. Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003, p.195) state shared decision making is one secret of successful management. In order for this to be achieved communication is essential and necessary in the workplace. Great communication skills are an absolute must it is A vital part of any centres functioning is the communication that occurs among staff (Ebbeck and Waniganayake,2003: p.197). A lack of teamwork and communication can lead to a stressful working environment and a poor quality service. In a recent presentation of mine I demonstrated through a communication exercise the importance of communication and how communication is not just verbal in nature. The exercise required all team members to communicate clearly in the communication method appropriate. The team had limitations that prevented them from communicating in the easiest form this forced them to develop a way of overcoming these barriers, communicating in a different fashion whilst also working as a team. They had two attempts to complete the task assigned to them. The first attempt went very badly as they found it very difficult to communicate with the barriers in place. However after a small group discussion they were able to devise a way to accomplish the task.   This simple exercise is a useful one to employ during a staff meeting and it teaches the value of communication and the need for effective and clear communication in order to work as a team. Communication can be viewed as an active process that is in turn influenced by the complexities and ambiguities of human behaviour. It is riddled with the potential of breakdown. Clampitt sates that We actively construct meanings within a unique vortex that includes the words used, the context of the utterances, and the people involved (2005, p.8). It is a process where elements such as any non-verbal actions, individuals own interpretation and own ascribed meaning can have an influence. Communications strategies to construct a clear and unambiguous message can encourage effective and direct communication. There are certain barriers both physical and psychological that can hinder communication as Clampitt states and it is important to be aware of these. Anything that prevents a message being understood is seen as a barrier. These are some barriers that can occur when communicating: Culture, background, and bias Our culture, background, and bias can allow us to change the meaning of a message, which can interfere with the communication process. Noise Noise impedes communication as it can both distract the sender and receiver so that concentration is hard and also muffle and distort the message being sent. Perception If we feel the person is hard to understand for instance talking to rapidly, not fluently or is not articulate enough the receiver can dismiss that person. Preconceived attitudes can also affect our ability to listen. Ourselves There is a tendency to focus on ourselves rather the person communicating which can cause conflict and confusion. Some of these factors that affect communication are ego and the feeling of superiority. Message Distractions can happen when someone doesnt look at the idea presented and chooses to focus on facts. Semantic distractions are when a word is used in a different manor than you prefer. Environmental these can include a range of stimulus that can provide potential distraction. Stress People view things differently when under stress. A message can be influenced by psychological frame of mind and our beliefs, knowledge, experience and values. Communication is vital within the childcare profession; in order for good communication it is necessary to understand the different components. Communication consists of the following methods; verbal, non-verbal communication, and written.   Verbal communication is a communication method using word of mouth. For instance   holding a conversation with someone requires the development of skills and social coordination which means having the ability to start and end conversations, the ability to show an interest and being able to interest the person you are having a conversation with. Argyle (1988) devised the Sender and Reciever Model which encodes the oral messages by the sender and decodes the messages then by the reciever. Sender  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Encodes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚    ®Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Message  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Decodes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Ã‚     Reciever Verbal communication is used to greet people, problem solve and provide support. It can also helps with everyday tasks such as, explaining issues and procedures exchanging ideas or learning ideas. It is necessary for childcare prationers to have highly attuned social skills, as they are dealing with people every day and oral communication is central in being able to bond and to have relationships with people. Thompson 1986 argued that commuinication is imperative for two major reasons these where as follows; one to enable people to share information and two enabling people to have relationships with people. Thompson stated that   relationship is the communcation. There are certain barriers that occur using verbal communication within the Childrens services such as semantic barriers, dialect, and language and tempo message. Other barriers include message complexity and message overload, which is when a person receives too many messages at the same time. Written communication is another useful communication channel and is very important between different professionals. Writting information down makes records more pernament and more accurate. Written informnation is unlike a verbal message which can become distorted when being verbally passed to people There are barriers in written communications such as the illegibility of peoples hand writing or if the written message is misunderstood.. The rules governing writing are also different compared to oral communication as it is necessary in written communication to maintain accuracy and darity. When writing information there is a need to check that all of the information is correct as if the information is recorded wrong it could result in problems. As problems can occur such as; delays in meeting the needs of the children and parents; not being able to make the right decision due to the vagueness of information recorded; being unable to deliver an organised service. An example of written communication documents is staff rotas showing times of work and holiday.   Lastly Non verbal communication is everything other than spoken words, this includes paralanguage this is um or ah sounds, the volume of the talking, the pace and accent. A very big part of non-verbal communication is facial expressions as these are indictors to others about our feelings, attitudes, states of mind and relationships.  Non-verbal communication can also include eye contact, proximity, posture and gestures. All three ways of communication have problems but are an effective way to communicate with others when used in the right way. Communication is about active listening as well as communicating with the necessary sincerity and compassion. Listening is a key skill and should not be underestimated.   One of the purposes of listening is to convey interest and respect for the other person and this is crucial to solve problems that arise and to also meet another persons needs as well as our own. Studies have revealed that listening is the on the whole the most frequent aspect of workplace communication (Adler and Elmhorst, 1999). Other studies have also found that Managers spend on average 65-90% of their working day listening to someone, with the percentage of time increasing with level of managerial responsibility (Kotter, 1982, Nichols Stevens, 1990). However research highlights that people generally people achieve no more than 25-50% accuracy in interpreting the meaning of each others remarks (Spitzberg, 1994). This means misunderstanding is very common. Furthermore tuning listening skills and becoming compe tent at listening would improve workplace communication significantly. There are barriers that hinder the ability to listen. For one People are very quick to jump to conclusions and form a judgement before the speaker has finished, this in turn can mean that the message intended is misinterpreted. People also have a tendency to hear what they want to hear and be inattentive while cultural issues or the interruption of the speaker can also prevent people from listening. Developing active listening skills such as listening to non-verbal as well as verbal language, paraphrasing, using feedback, and asking appropriate questions can help to identify possible misinterpretations of the message, as well as check for unintended messages. Good communication is absolutely essential and key when working with children, young people, families and carers. It is central in building trust amongst the users and staff within this context. In order to maintain relationships it needs to be an active process that involves listening, understanding and responding accordingly. Communication is both necessary on the one-on-one basis and also when working in a group and it is important to realise when to focus on the individual and when to focus on groups. Another thing to be aware of is  that communication is a two way process that is necessary to make sure the person feels valued and respected. Communication should also be matched appropriately to the stage of development, personal circumstances, and needs of the person being addressed. The culture and context when communicating needs to be thought about for instance, the professional should hold awareness and communicate appropriately if English is an additional language, the chi ld is disabled or at risk of under-achievement or other poor outcomes.   Effective communication is also about utilising the best communication method appropriately and being aware of any barriers that could occur these could include poverty, disability, anxiety, cultural differences and religious requirements. It is the managers duty to make sure communication within the team is effective. There are many ways a manager can help and improve a teams communication. The first is to keep all the communication channels open. Management should be always there to listen and actively participate with the team. A strong relationship with  management is important for communication and in turn the productivity of the team. The second is to offer some form of staff training in clear communication. Miscommunication is all too common in the working world and training in correct communication can easily help avoid miscommunication. Teaching employees to communicate in a clear and precise manor and listen carefully to the speaker can rectify this. Classes in other forms of communication can also be of help. Lastly it is good to invite feedback from staff and hold regular meetings both of which can provide a solid avenue for communication. All people are different and are better at different methods of co mmunication so providing as many avenues as possible is a good way to ensure communication is easy for others. Team meetings are a fantastic way to give everyone a chance to participate and have their say. It allows people to facilitate and contribute to decisions involving the workplace making them feel respected and that their feedback counts.   Communication is a highly complex process and to improve interpersonal communication, a fuller knowledge and understanding of communication skills are essential. Communication is not just about speaking it is about active listening, written and non-verbal ways of communication. Any team who wants to be successful needs to communicate in a direct and clear manor. Management should ensure that communication skills are practiced and that it is an ongoing process. Communication allows a team to work together effectively. Communication is an important skill especially when working as a childcare practitioner as without communication a childs needs cannot be met. COMMUNICATION EXERCISE   Have two people lead the group  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaders need to try and physically arrange all of the players in sequential age order (youngest to oldest)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each leader has specific limitations restricting the ease in which they can do this. Leader One cannot see and has the following limitations:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   can only ask yes or no questions  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cannot touch anyone Leader Two can see and can touch people but has the following limitations:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cannot speak All other players in the group can only answer yes or no to any questions and cannot move unless moved by Leader Two.   Communication Rationale The rationale for this particular communication exercise was to teach each person the importance of clear and direct communication and its importance when working as a team. Effective communication includes a range of skills which include things like body language, clear speech, eye contact and active listening. Communication activities like the one I used for my presentation allow participants to focus on these skills and understand their impact on the effectiveness of communication. The task also illustrated the importance of working as a team to overcome limitations and complete the task set. The team players had to try and understand one another using different communication strategies in order to complete the exercise successfully and within the time cap. Furthermore this task forced players to perform with limitations such as not being able to speak or not being able to use hands etc. During this game, the demand for   effective communication from each player was essential. Similarly the understanding of each teammates role on the team, as well as their own, was vital to the teams success. Players needed to understand their roles and accomplish their tasks in their roles, without trying to do everything. This communication exercise was designed to help the participants become more aware of the importance of communication in all forms whether verbal or non-verbal. They also had to uses direct and precise communication so not to confuse other team members. They also had to have an awareness and acceptance of the varied roles within a team. Awareness comes with visual and verbal communication by the individual participant and their teammates. Research Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels The process of communication can be broadly classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes written and oral communication whereas the non-verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures used for communication.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Verbal Communication Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The other type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be either via snail mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and precision of language.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonverbal Communication Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is speaking, which will include the body posture, the hand gestures, and overall body movements. The facial expressions also play a major role while communication since the expressions on a persons face say a lot about his/her mood. On the other hand gestures like a handshake, a smile or a hug can independently convey emotions. Non verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and paintings. phrase from some British propaganda during WWII neatly sums up the dangers of ineffective communications: Careless talk costs lives. That may be over-dramatic in most cases where communications between seafarers or between ship and shore go awry but it does illustrate the importance of effective communications and the real dangers if they go badly wrong. Evaluation This task has allowed me to understand the importance of communication within a workforce and how a team relies on communication to function. The presentation went well, I was able to get across the necessity of teamwork and the different methods of communication. The team all had limitations which meant not only did everyone have to communicate but they had to find different ways of communicating successfully. The problem was with the presentation is it lacked time; ten minutes seemed far too short. I had to limit the presentation to literally just the task and a few words prior to explain the task and why communication was important. If I had more time I would have conducted a slightly different task. The team also wasnt able to complete the task first time so I had to allow them to try again a second which was time consuming and meant I had to cut short the presentation and not summarise it as well as I would of liked to .   The negatives to the task I did conduct were that a few people did not understand the instructions I gave them at first so I had to also explain the task again fully. If I was to re do the presentation I would simplify the task. I think all in all the presentation showed the class the value of communication whether verbal or non-verbal and how teamwork is essential in any difficult situation. It was essential for them to utilise all avenues of communication to pass the task.

Psychoanalysis Essay -- Essays Papers

Psychoanalysis When people think of psychoanalysis, usually one name comes to mind. This would be Sigmund Freud. Freud, along with Carl G. Jung and Alfred Adler, has impacted the history of psychoanalysis. Further, he has influenced the lives of the men and women during the early 1900s. In today's society, the history of psychoanalysis is continually being discussed among many scholars. Paul Roazen, author of Encountering Freud: The Politics and Histories of Psychoanalysis, has dedicated his professional career to researching the "impact of Freud and his followers not only on politics but on the cultural and intellectual life of this century" (Chodoff 132). One main theme that Roazen emphasizes is the relationship between history and psychoanalysis. In the United States, the term psychohistory has become increasingly popular since about 1945. Psychohistory is the blending of history with the psychoanalytical theories (Gilderhus 129). This idea has raised many questions among scholars and is still a controversial discussion piece at this time. Sigmund Freud: One may question Freud's ideas and wonder what made him so popular during the early 1900s. Many attribute this to the idea that Freud, along with Charles Darwin, is viewed as a critical contributor to our concepts of present day man. Freud saw man as am incomplete product of nature. Further, he proposed that "man at his best and man at his worst is subject to a common set of explanations: that good and evil grow from a common process" (Roazen 24). Many scholars feel that Western society was ready for something to fill the gap that had been formed between religion and the sciences at that time. During the late 1800s, there was extreme controversy o... ...world. Lastly, by 1926, there were psychoanalytic societies in Vienna, Berlin, Budapest, London, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Moscow, Calcutta, and two in the United States. At the same time, three journals had been formed that focused on psychoanalysis. Works Cited - Brill, A.A., ed. The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. New York: Random House, 1938. - Chodoff, Paul. "Psychoanalysis: Encountering Freud: The Politics and Histories of Psychoanalysis by Paul Roazen." American Journal of Psychiatry 149.1 (1992): 132- 133. - Gilderhus, Mark T. History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996. - Lauzun, Gerard. Sigmund Freud: The Man and His Theories. Trans. Patrick Evans. New York: Fawcett, 1962. - Roazen, Paul, ed. Sigmund Freud. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1973.

Loans with Interest in Early Christianity and Islam Essay

When an individual thinks of religion, the first thing that comes to a believer’s mind is the nonnegotiable worship of a supreme being(s) as a source of tranquility whenever he/she is in distress. On the other hand, to a pro-secularization individual, religion only causes pricey conflicts between different cultures and is considered an outdated practice which should not have a place in today’s society. What people in general tend to forget about religion is that it their respective figures like Prophet Muhammad and Jesus wanted to promote a way of life that would aim to achieve a standard of living that would see all members of the community equal. And a big part of any way of life is fair trade and decreasing the gap between the rich and the poor. This essay will compare and contrast the early Christian and the current Muslim prohibitions against lending money at interest in the context of today’s constant recession-threatening environment. In order to be able to relate both the Muslim and Christian stance on the topic of lending money at issue it is integral to highlight the why countries tend to fall into a recession. In 2008, the US recession related to Americans buying houses they could not afford. In North America, investing in real estate is seen as a bullet-proof way of making money; making a low down payment expecting the value of their house to increase but it didn’t which leads foreclosure and eventually huge losses for banks. Today, movements such as Occupy Toronto protest the lack of social responsibility of bankers who give out mortgages knowing the client would not be able to pay it off – it’s an economical concern of using money people simply don’t physically have. In Islam, the term for interest is Riba which literally means a gain in the Arabic language. â€Å"The Prophet said, ‘The selling of wheat for wheat is Riba (usury) except if it is handed from hand to hand and equal in amount. Similarly the selling of barley for barley is Riba except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount, and dates for dates is usury except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount. † (Umar). From an economical perspective, what the Prophet of Islam is referring to here is the idea that only the actual value of dates should exist in any trade transaction. For example, a bank giving out a loan for 100,000 dollars with an interest of 10% means that the 10,000 interest to be paid does not actually exist in the economy and hence to the prophet this is considered riba because the bank is gaining money out of nowhere. In the Sharia, the modern day solution to this banking issue is Islamic banking which offers; â€Å".. more just and equitable distribution of resources; more responsible and profitable lending due to the necessarily closer bank-client relationship; less volatile business cycles; and more stable banking systems. † (Evans, 1987) Similarly, early Christianity has the same general view of usury, â€Å"In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord God. † (Exekiel 22:12). However, Islam tends to be stricter about preserving authenticity of teachings of Allah or Prophet Muhammad because the teachings were meant to be implemented in the governing of the Islamic state; shariah. Ambiguity, over time, has led to an equivocal view of usury in the Christian faith, â€Å".. to the extent that Christian doctrine rested on an Aristotelian foundation it was vulnerable to the charge of being, at heart, anti-trade and commerce. Aristotle adopted the view, later followed by the Physiocrats, that the natural way to get wealth is by skillful management of house and land. Usury was diabolical and clearly the worst way of making money. But there was also something degraded about trading and exchanging things rather than actually making them,as summed up in the medieval saying,‘Homo mercator vix aut numquam Deo placerepotest’– the merchant can scarcely or never be pleasing to God. By contrast, the Holy Qur’an endorsed trade, so long as it was not usurious. † (Lewis, 2007) On the contrary, with the when Islam and Muhammad did rise to power in the Arabian region, trade was something the Arabs were known for and was also religiously encouraged; there were virtually no disputes or new philosophies. A lack of a solid implementation of the no usury rule (which only strictly existed in Early Christianity) lead to more lenient rule as times changed and the numerous Scriptures were considered more and more ambiguous. As the ages progressed since early Christianity, it went from no exceptions to usury to exceptions made such as allowed usury as long as the interest rate for the loan was fair and reasonable. In one of Ruston’s books he mentioned; â€Å"usury passed from being an offence against public morality which a Christian government was expected to suppress to being a matter of private conscience [and] a new generation of Christian moralists redefined usury as excessive interest† (R, 1993) Hence, since Islam and Christianity are both Abrahamic religions, the view on the concept of usury is fairly similar in essence however politics has always had an influence on trade since the beginning of time. In today’s world, with Muslim nations trading with Christian and secular nations and likewise with banking, it has become increasingly difficult to impose shariah or the teachings of Jesus in our interdependent global economy. Globally, the concern of usury has transformed to become more of a concern of social responsibility and social justice. While Islamic and Christian share similarities and some slight political differences with regards to interest, it remains an important moral reminder of preserving financial stability even if it might sound a little too unrealistic and utopian in our world today.

Free Essays on France

France Introduction France, which is the largest nation in Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a very important nation in Europe and it continues to be involved in contemporary policy issues. Helping the world as one of the great trading nations, France is a very important trading partner with the United States. Not only is France important to the United States, they are also important to countries all over the world. Their abundance of both mineral and agricultural resources make them a very important supplier of products all over the world. I chose to report on France because it is an interesting county and I wanted to learn more about it. Geography France is located in Western Europe and has an area of approximately 211,000 square miles. Along with being the capital, Paris is also the largest city in France. Spain borders France in the south, Italy and Switzerland in the east, and Germany, Luxembourg, and Belgium in the northeast. The French Alps are located in the east where snow capped peaks, such as Mont. Blanc reach heights of 15,781 feet. About one-half of France’s total border is formed by coastline, with the Mediterranean Sea on the Southeast and the Atlantic and the English Channel on the west and northwest. Many rivers and canals run through France forming a vast network, tying different regions and cities together. The Seine is the country’s largest navigable river. It flows northwest from eastern France through the city of Paris, and empties into the channel at Le Harre. The Rhone River is the largest in the country in terms of volume of discharge. Along with its tributaries, it drains the Fre nch Alpine region. Although France has many rivers, it only has a few lakes. One of the lakes in France is Lake Geneva (also known as Lake Leman), but in lies mainly in Switzerland. France is richly endowed with an excellent balance of both mineral and agricultural resources. Th... Free Essays on France Free Essays on France France Introduction France, which is the largest nation in Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a very important nation in Europe and it continues to be involved in contemporary policy issues. Helping the world as one of the great trading nations, France is a very important trading partner with the United States. Not only is France important to the United States, they are also important to countries all over the world. Their abundance of both mineral and agricultural resources make them a very important supplier of products all over the world. I chose to report on France because it is an interesting county and I wanted to learn more about it. Geography France is located in Western Europe and has an area of approximately 211,000 square miles. Along with being the capital, Paris is also the largest city in France. Spain borders France in the south, Italy and Switzerland in the east, and Germany, Luxembourg, and Belgium in the northeast. The French Alps are located in the east where snow capped peaks, such as Mont. Blanc reach heights of 15,781 feet. About one-half of France’s total border is formed by coastline, with the Mediterranean Sea on the Southeast and the Atlantic and the English Channel on the west and northwest. Many rivers and canals run through France forming a vast network, tying different regions and cities together. The Seine is the country’s largest navigable river. It flows northwest from eastern France through the city of Paris, and empties into the channel at Le Harre. The Rhone River is the largest in the country in terms of volume of discharge. Along with its tributaries, it drains the Fre nch Alpine region. Although France has many rivers, it only has a few lakes. One of the lakes in France is Lake Geneva (also known as Lake Leman), but in lies mainly in Switzerland. France is richly endowed with an excellent balance of both mineral and agricultural resources. Th...

Natural Disaster Hazard Assessment Essays

Natural Disaster Hazard Assessment Essays Natural Disaster Hazard Assessment Essay Natural Disaster Hazard Assessment Essay Hazard Assessment for Memphis, Tennessee Environmental Geology Hazard Assessment for Memphis, Tennessee A natural disaster is defined as any event or force of nature that has catastrophic consequences (â€Å"natural disaster†). The only reason that these events are considered to have catastrophic consequences is because people are negatively affected by these natural events. If people were not present during these events, they would not be considered catastrophic. The more people affected means the event would be considered more catastrophic. Tennessee is the 17th most populated state, with approximately 6. million residents (Infoplease. com). Within the state, Shelby county covers the most area, (755 square miles), and is also the most populated county, with approximately 927,644 people residing there (Infoplease. com). Shelby county includes the city of Memphis. Memphis is the most populated city within Tennessee with at least 645,000 residents (Infop lease. com). I have attached several maps in order to see different parts of the land. Map I shows where the county lines are located within Tennessee. You can also see where Memphis is located within the county. Map II shows the elevation levels of the state. As you can see in that map, Memphis is located within the lowest elevation levels of the state. Map III shows the rivers that run throughout the state. The main river that runs between the Tennessee, Arkansas, and Missouri borders is the Mississippi River. There are several natural disasters that I would consider to be threats to the Memphis area. One natural disaster that I would consider to be a concern to Memphis would be an earthquake. According to the United States Geological Survey, (USGS), there is an approximately six percent chance that there will be a major earthquake within 50 kilometers of Memphis in the next 50 years (Homefacts. com). The last earthquakes that had magnitudes of five were in 1976 and 1991 (Homefacts. com). The earthquake recorded in 1976 was approximately 40 miles away from Memphis. Looking at the sources found, I see that Tennessee has had its fair share of earthquakes, so I would say that another earthquake occurring in the area should be a concern of the citizens and government officials. â€Å"There is a broad agreement in the scientific community that a continuing concern exists for a major destructive earthquake in the New Madrid seismic zone. Many structures in Memphis, Tenn. and other communities in the central Mississippi River Valley region are vulnerable and at risk for severe ground shaking. † (USGS. gov). The New Madrid Earthquake of 1812 was one of the most significant events in U. S. history. Topographic changes were noted over an area of 75,000 to 130,000 square kilometers, with the total area shaken being at least five million s quare kilometers (USGS. gov). Back then, the damage was minimal because of sparse population. Nowadays, an earthquake that severe could result in â€Å"great loss of life and property damage in the billions of dollars† (Cusec. rg). The fact that Memphis is the most populated city in the state, a small earthquake could cause a significant amount of damage. â€Å"By learning about the potential earthquake hazards in your area and by taking certain preparedness measures now, you can increase your chances of surviving an earthquake and minimize its dangerous and damaging impacts† (Cusec. org). There are many organizations that Memphis has in order to help citizens learn how to prepare for these catastrophic events, and what to do in order to survive. One organization is the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (R. A. C. E. S. ), which is a volunteer communications group that assists the Shelby county area. R. A. C. E. S. provides emergency personnel that can help with communications during local, regional, or national emergency/disaster events (Cityofmemphis. org). Another organization that provides help during emergency situations is the Memphis/Shelby County Emergency Management Agency (EMA). The EMA helps local, state, and federal agencies with response to disasters that requires a multi-agency/multi-jurisdictional response. The EMA has satellite links with the National Weather Service that activates sirens in order to warn the residents of multiple cities, including Memphis (Cityofmemphis. org). There are also things that the citizens and homeowners could do in order to minimize the damage during earthquake. Earthquake drills are a great way to help enforce the importance of preparedness, and to prevent panic and injury during an earthquake. Families should have emergency plans that lay out where everyone is going to be and where to reunite with one another. Keep a flashlight and a batterypowered radio in the home. Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves, and fasten the shelves to walls. And lastly, have a seven to ten day supply of food and water (Cusec. org). You can never be too prepared for any natural disaster, so being safe is better than being sorry. Not all natural disasters are threats to Memphis. Volcanoes are an example of a natural disaster that is not a threat to the Memphis area. There are no known volcanoes in the area that would cause any kind of harm to the residents of Memphis. Historically, there have not been any known volcanoes in the area either. Memphis is not located on any fault boundaries, so I would think that there would no volcanoes forming in the area any time in the near future. Hurricanes are a little more of a concern for Memphis. The western area of the state has the possibility of being affected by the end of certain storms. Hurricane Katrina is an example of this situation in which Memphis can be affected by storms not necessarily in the direct area. When Hurricane Katrina hit the U. S. in 2005, multiple counties in Tennessee were evacuated; Shelby County was one of those counties (Fema. gov). I would consider Memphis to be slightly concern about hurricanes occurring in the area, especially since the city is located at a low elevation. The lower elevation would be more susceptible to flooding. The government should have adequate warning of the hurricane, since it would most likely be coming from the Gulf of Mexico. I would also expect that the citizens would be prepared for hurricanes, since they are used to flooding situations. Tornadoes, I feel, are more of a concern than hurricanes. There are many more tornadoes in the middle of the state then there are on the outskirts. Tornadoes are more likely to strike open plains rather than in an urban area, like Memphis. â€Å"The reality is, very few tornadoes ever touch down in the city of Memphis†¦.. Nevertheless, tornadoes can and have struck within the city† (About. com). There have been numerous tornadoes that have affected Shelby county, but not nearly as many as the middle of the state. The last one that affected Shelby County, and had a high death count was in 1987, with at least 120 deaths (NWS Memphis Forecast Area Tornado Database). There have since been tornadoes that have caused deaths, hich is not surprising considering the amount of people that live in the city. With all the tornadoes that have gone through the county, there has always been a significant amount of damage. That also is understandable since there are a lot of buildings in the city. There have also been plenty of tornado warnings for the state, but not all of them affecting Shelby County. The last tornado warning that included Shelby County was on May 9, 2011. In order to be prepared for a tornado, there are several things we could do. First of all, avoid windows and seek shelter in the center-most room on the lowest floor possible. Use your hands and arms to protect yourself from falling debris. Also, keep some sort of identification on you at all times in case you are hurt or disoriented (About. com). Keeping identification on you is a good idea for every natural disaster. It will help emergency personnel identify who you are and hopefully get you back with your family. Tsunamis are another type of natural disaster that is not a concern for Memphis. There have been no known tsunamis recorded for Memphis. I do not think that there will be any future tsunamis in Memphis because there is no ocean or large body of water located near Memphis. The Mississippi River is near Memphis, but the river does not create waves that would be large enough to create a seismic wave. Even though tsunamis are not a threat to the city, flooding is a huge concern for the city. The Mississippi River is right near the city, so that would be a reason as to why the area floods frequently. The city is also at a low elevation, which is another reason as to why the area floods frequently. There is currently an active flood warning in effective right now (Fema. gov). Last year, there was flood that occurred in the beginning of May. The Mississippi River was supposed to rise to a record level of 48 feet, with 48. 7 being the record crest in 1937. More than 1,300 homes were ordered to evacuate and nearly 400 people were living in shelters. According to an article on abcnews. com, the most extensive damage occurred in Memphis, where â€Å"entire neighborhoods have been swallowed by the water and vehicles completely submerged† (Tanglao, â€Å"Memphis Flooding†). Since this obviously happens frequently, the citizens and government have ideas of what the levees can hold, and what the river’s maximum water level is. To prepare for flooding situations, there are certain things the government should tell their residents in order to make sure they are safe. They must send out warnings letting people know when and if the water level is high enough to go over the lands limits. In Memphis, the government should be able to accurately know when and if the Mississippi River has reached its maximum, and if people should evacuate their homes. As a resident, you should also be aware of what is going on in your community and know about the town’s emergency plans. You should also have sump pumps with back-up power in order to prevent contamination of the flooded water. Turn off all utilities at the main power switch in order to prevent electrocution. Fill bathtubs, sinks, and soda bottles with clean water, so you have water to drink that is not contaminated. You should also have water bottles and a food supply that will last a couple of days (Bt. cdc. gov). On the opposite end of the spectrum, wildfires are another example of a non-threat to Memphis. There are no forests in Memphis because it is a highly urban area with lots of people and buildings. The last wildfire reported in Memphis was in 1952, when there was a serious drought (Tnema. org). Even though there was that wildfire many years ago, I do not think that there is a serious threat to Memphis for another wildfire. Lastly, I also think that there is not a threat for extreme winter conditions to occur in Memphis. The last warning for some sort of winter conditions for Shelby County was in February 1992 (Fema. gov). Even though that was not too long ago, I still feel like there is not a huge concern for extreme winter conditions to occur any time soon again. Since Memphis is further south, they do not really get harsh winters like we do here in Pennsylvania. Memphis Tennessee has its fair share of natural disasters. They have to be concerned about earthquakes, floods, and tornadoes the most, while extreme winter conditions, volcanoes, and tsunamis the least concerned about. Every place on the Earth has to be concerned with natural disasters. Humans make the disasters a lot worse than they actually are, but there is nobody else to blame but ourselves. We get in the way of nature, and have to pay the consequences some way or another. Map I Map II Map III Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Natural Disasters Severe Weather. Web. 12 April 2012. Central United States Earthquake Consortium. Earthquake Safety. Web. 12 April 2012. City of Memphis. Emergency Management Agency. 2003-2011. Web. 12 April 2012. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Tennessee Disaster History. 26 March 2012. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Memphis Earthquake Information. † Homefacts. com. 2012. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Natural Disaster. † Dictionary. com. Web. NWS Memphis Forecast Area Tornado Database. Web. 12 April 2012. Tanglao, Leezel. Memphis Flooding: Mississippi River Nears Record Highs. † AbcNews. com. 9 May 2011. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Tennessee. † Information Please Database. Pearson Education, 2011. Web. 12 April 2012. Tennessee Emergency Management Agency. Wildfire. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Tornadoes in Memphis: What to expect and how to stay safe. † About. com. The New York Times Company, 4 Ap ril 2011. Web. 12 April 2012. United States Geological Survey. Earthquake Hazard in the New Madrid Seismic Zone Remains a Concern. 3 August 2009. Web. 12 April 2012. United States Geological Survey. Tennessee: Earthquake History. 21 October 2009. Web. 12 April 2012.